What is the purpose of flaps and how do they work?

Flaps are high-lift devices that extend from the trailing edge of the wing to increase lift coefficient at lower speeds, enabling slower takeoff and landing speeds. They work by increasing wing camber and often wing area, which increases the maximum lift coefficient by 50-100%. Different flap types include plain, split, slotted, and Fowler flaps, with Fowler flaps being most effective as they also increase wing area. Flaps increase drag, which helps during landing.