What are the key certification tests for a new aircraft type?

Certification testing demonstrates compliance with airworthiness requirements: Ground tests: Static structural test (loads to 150% limit), fatigue test (2+ lifetimes), systems integration testing, EMI/EMC, and lightning strike; Flight tests: Envelope expansion (speeds, altitudes, attitudes), Performance (takeoff, climb, cruise, landing), Handling qualities (stall, spin, crosswind, icing), Systems function and failure cases, and Natural icing/artificial ice shapes. Specific demonstrations: High-altitude restart, Rejected takeoff (max energy), Evacuation demonstration (90-second, 50% exits), and Function and reliability. Test aircraft: Typically 3-6 flight test aircraft with various instrumentations and configurations. Duration: 12-24 months flight test for new type; less for derivative. Documentation: Test plans, procedures, reports, and compliance matrix. Certification basis established early; special conditions for novel features.