What are the primary structural elements of an aircraft wing?

The primary wing structural elements are: Spars (main longitudinal beams carrying bending loads, typically front and rear spar), Ribs (chordwise elements maintaining airfoil shape and transferring loads to spars), Skin (carries shear and torsion loads, forms aerodynamic surface), and Stringers (longitudinal stiffeners that prevent skin buckling and carry axial loads). Together, these form a torsion box structure that efficiently carries aerodynamic loads, fuel weight, and engine loads to the fuselage.