How is rate of climb calculated and what factors affect it?

Rate of climb RC = (T-D)*V/W = Excess power / Weight, or equivalently RC = Ps * (1/V) when not accelerating. Factors affecting climb rate: Thrust available (decreases with altitude for non-turbocharged engines), Drag (depends on speed and configuration), Weight (heavier aircraft climb slower), and Air density (affects both thrust and drag). Maximum rate of climb occurs at the speed for maximum excess power, while maximum climb gradient (important for obstacle clearance) occurs at a lower speed. Climb performance is critical for takeoff, terrain clearance, and reaching cruise altitude efficiently.