What are the benefits and challenges of 48V electrical architecture?

48V systems (vs 12V) enable: Higher power accessories with smaller wiring (belt-integrated starter-generator, electric supercharger, active suspension), mild hybrid functionality, and reduced current for same power (4x reduction). Challenges include managing dual voltage systems (48V and 12V coexist), new component requirements, safety considerations (below 60V DC touch-safe threshold), and transition complexity. The 48V bus typically powers high-load systems while 12V remains for infotainment and lighting. DC-DC converters link the systems with the battery on either or both buses.