What is bidirectional charging (V2G/V2H) and what are its applications?

Bidirectional charging allows EV batteries to supply power back to the grid (V2G - Vehicle to Grid) or home (V2H - Vehicle to Home). Applications include: Grid stabilization and peak shaving, backup power during outages, renewable energy integration (storing excess solar), and potentially revenue generation from grid services. Technical requirements include bidirectional onboard charger or DC connector capability, communication with grid operators, and battery/vehicle warranty considerations. Challenges include additional component cost, degradation concerns from extra cycles, and grid interconnection standards.