What communication protocols are used between EVs and charging stations?

EV charging communication includes: SAE J1772 pilot signal for Level 1/2 AC charging in North America, IEC 61851 for European AC charging, CHAdeMO CAN-based protocol for DC fast charging, CCS (Combined Charging System) using HomePlug GreenPHY (PLC) for DC fast charging communication, and ISO 15118 for advanced features like Plug&Charge and V2G. These protocols handle authentication, power negotiation, safety interlocks, and billing information. ISO 15118 is becoming the standard for intelligent charging with features like automatic payment.