What tests are used to evaluate pedestrian protection?

Pedestrian protection tests evaluate injury risk when pedestrians are struck. Tests include: Head impact using headform impactors at various points on hood and windshield measuring HIC; upper leg impact simulating pelvis against bumper measuring force and moment; lower leg impact measuring tibia bending and knee shear. Euro NCAP and regulations (UN R127) define test conditions and pass criteria. Active hood systems, bumper design, and hood geometry are optimized using these tests. Some protocols include additional AEB pedestrian system evaluation.