What strategies are used for cell culture media optimization?

Media optimization strategies include: empirical approaches using DoE (screening critical components, RSM for optimization), rational design based on metabolic requirements and flux analysis, spent media analysis (identifying depleted nutrients), supplementation studies (adding limiting components), and platform component screens (testing different amino acid sources, lipids, surfactants). Chemically defined media development reduces lot-to-lot variability and simplifies regulatory filings. Optimization targets include cell growth, viability, productivity, and product quality attributes. High-throughput screening using miniaturized cultures accelerates optimization. Modern approaches integrate metabolomics and modeling. Feed development (concentrated supplements for fed-batch/perfusion) follows similar principles, focusing on nutrients consumed during production phase.