What is phytoremediation and what are its main types?

Phytoremediation uses plants and associated microorganisms to clean up contaminated soil, water, or air. Main types include: Phytoextraction - plants uptake contaminants (especially metals) from soil and accumulate them in harvestable tissues; hyperaccumulators like Thlaspi and Brassica are used. Phytostabilization - plants immobilize contaminants in soil through root absorption or precipitation, preventing spread. Phytodegradation - plants or associated microbes degrade organic contaminants within plant tissues or root zone. Rhizofiltration - plant roots filter contaminants from water; used for wastewater and groundwater treatment. Phytovolatilization - plants uptake and release contaminants as gases through transpiration; used for volatile organics and selenium. Advantages include low cost, aesthetic appeal, and applicability to large areas; limitations include slower treatment times and depth restrictions.