What is composting and what organisms are involved?

Composting is a controlled biological process that decomposes organic waste into a stable, humus-like material (compost) that can be used as soil amendment. Key organisms involved include: bacteria (dominant in early stages; Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Actinomycetes break down simple organics), fungi (important for lignin and cellulose degradation; thrive in later stages), actinomycetes (bacteria with fungal-like growth; degrade tough materials like chitin and lignin; give compost earthy smell), and macroorganisms (earthworms, insects, mites help mix and aerate). The process has phases: mesophilic (20-45C), thermophilic (45-70C, kills pathogens), cooling, and maturation. Key parameters include C:N ratio (25-30:1 ideal), moisture (50-60%), oxygen supply, particle size, and pile size. Composting diverts waste from landfills and produces valuable soil conditioner.