What is recombinant DNA technology?

Recombinant DNA technology involves combining DNA from different sources to create new genetic combinations not found in nature. This is achieved by cutting DNA with restriction enzymes, inserting foreign DNA into vectors (plasmids, phages, or artificial chromosomes), and introducing these constructs into host cells for replication and expression. The technology enables production of proteins like insulin and growth hormone, creation of transgenic organisms, and development of gene therapies. It was pioneered by Cohen and Boyer in 1973 and remains fundamental to modern biotechnology.