What are the common sterilization methods used in industrial microbiology?

Sterilization methods include: autoclaving (moist heat at 121C, 15 psi for 15-20 minutes - most common for media and equipment), dry heat (160-180C for 1-2 hours - for glassware and heat-stable items), filtration (0.22 um membrane filters - for heat-sensitive liquids), radiation (UV for surfaces, gamma for disposables), and chemical sterilization (ethylene oxide, formaldehyde - for heat-sensitive equipment). Selection depends on material compatibility, volume, time constraints, and regulatory requirements. Validation with biological indicators (Geobacillus stearothermophilus spores for steam) ensures effectiveness.