How do switched-capacitor circuits work and what are their applications?

Switched-capacitor circuits use switches and capacitors to emulate resistors, with equivalent resistance R = 1/(f_clock * C). Benefits include: precise resistance ratios determined by capacitor ratios (0.1% matching on-chip), elimination of large resistors in ICs, clock-tunable frequency response, and compatibility with CMOS processes. Used in ADC/DAC, anti-aliasing filters, sigma-delta modulators, and sample-and-hold circuits. Design considers clock feedthrough, charge injection, and sampling alias requirements.