How does a brushless DC (BLDC) motor differ from a conventional DC motor?

BLDC motors eliminate mechanical commutation by using electronic commutation. Permanent magnets are on the rotor, and stator windings are energized in sequence based on rotor position (detected by Hall sensors or back-EMF sensing). This removes brush/commutator wear, sparking, and maintenance needs. BLDCs offer higher efficiency, longer life, and lower noise. Control electronics is required, but modern IC controllers make this cost-effective. Used in computer fans, drones, EVs, and appliances.