How is finite element analysis used in electrical machine design?

FEA solves Maxwell's equations numerically to predict magnetic field distribution in machines. Applications include: flux density calculation in teeth/yoke (saturation analysis), iron loss estimation including harmonics, cogging torque prediction, inductance calculation versus position, force/torque computation, thermal analysis of hot spots, and rotor dynamics. FEA enables optimization of geometry for efficiency, torque density, and demagnetization resistance in PM machines. 2D FEA is common; 3D for end effects and skewing. Software includes ANSYS Maxwell, JMAG, and Motor-CAD.