How does a stepper motor work?

A stepper motor moves in discrete steps when electrical pulses are applied to its windings. Each pulse rotates the motor by a fixed angle (step angle), typically 1.8 degrees (200 steps/revolution) or 0.9 degrees (400 steps/revolution). By controlling pulse frequency and sequence, precise positioning is achieved without feedback (open-loop control). Stepper motors are used in 3D printers, CNC machines, and positioning systems where precise movement is needed without servo complexity.