How are DAC outputs used to generate analog control signals?

DACs convert digital values to analog voltages/currents for control. Output circuit design considers: voltage vs current output (4-20 mA requires voltage-to-current converter), buffering (op-amp buffer for voltage output), filtering (smooth PWM-based outputs), load driving capability, protection (short-circuit, overvoltage), and settling time. Resolution determines control granularity (12-bit = 4096 levels). Update rate must match control loop needs. Common applications include: valve positioning, motor speed reference, and setpoint outputs. Proper grounding and shielding prevent interference.