What are the common sources of error in sensor measurements?

Sensor error sources include: Zero offset (non-zero output at zero input), Span error (incorrect slope), Nonlinearity (deviation from straight line), Hysteresis (different readings for increasing vs decreasing input), Repeatability (variation between identical measurements), Temperature effects (sensitivity and offset drift), Aging (long-term drift), Loading effect (sensor draws current/applies force to measurand), Environmental interference (EMI, vibration), and Installation errors (improper mounting, orientation). Total uncertainty combines individual uncertainties using root-sum-square for independent errors.