What are the design considerations for agrivoltaic (dual-use solar and agriculture) systems?

Agrivoltaics combines solar PV with agricultural use. Design considerations: panel height (3+ meters for equipment access), spacing and tilt (balance light availability and solar production), structure design (accommodate farm vehicles, avoid soil compaction), crop selection (match shade tolerance to PV layout - lettuce, berries, pasture work well), water management (panels concentrate runoff, can reduce irrigation), microclimate effects (reduced temperature and evaporation under panels), and trackers vs fixed (tracking complicates farming but improves both yield and crop shading). Benefits include: land use efficiency, reduced water needs, crop stress reduction, and additional farm income. Research shows 30-70% land use efficiency improvement.