What causes renewable energy curtailment and how is it managed?

Curtailment (forced reduction of output) occurs due to: transmission constraints (cannot deliver power to load), minimum generation (thermal plants cannot reduce further), oversupply (generation exceeds demand), voltage/frequency limits, and market economics (negative prices). Management strategies: flexible conventional generation, demand response, storage, stronger grid interconnections, market design (curtailment sharing, compensation mechanisms), improved forecasting, and dynamic line ratings. Curtailment rates vary: typically 1-5% but can exceed 15% in constrained areas. Reducing curtailment improves project economics and system efficiency.