Describe the CAN bus protocol and its advantages for automotive applications.

CAN (Controller Area Network) is a robust serial bus standard designed for automotive and industrial applications. Key features: Multi-master with message-based arbitration (ID determines priority). Differential signaling (CAN_H, CAN_L) for noise immunity. Error detection: CRC, bit stuffing, ACK, frame checks. Automatic retransmission on error. Bit rates up to 1 Mbps (CAN 2.0), higher with CAN FD. Frame types: Data (11-bit or 29-bit ID, 0-8 bytes data), Remote, Error, Overload. Advantages for automotive: High noise immunity in electrically noisy environments. Real-time deterministic behavior. Fault tolerance with error confinement. Simple two-wire connection, reduced wiring. Multiple ECUs on single bus. CAN FD extends data to 64 bytes with higher speed data phase.