What is an embedded system?

An embedded system is a specialized computer system designed to perform dedicated functions within a larger system. Unlike general-purpose computers, embedded systems are optimized for specific tasks with constraints on size, power, cost, and real-time performance. They typically consist of a microcontroller or microprocessor, memory, peripherals, and software (firmware). Examples include automotive ECUs, medical devices, smart appliances, industrial controllers, and IoT devices. Key characteristics include real-time operation, resource constraints, dedicated functionality, and often safety-critical requirements.