What is firmware and how is it different from software?

Firmware is specialized software embedded in hardware devices, stored in non-volatile memory (Flash, EEPROM), that provides low-level control of the hardware. Differences from regular software: Tightly coupled to specific hardware (not portable). Stored in non-volatile memory, retained without power. Often written in C/Assembly for efficiency. Difficult to update (requires special tools/procedures). Runs directly on hardware or RTOS without full OS. Includes bootloader, device drivers, and application code. Firmware bridges hardware and higher-level software, initializing hardware on power-up and managing peripherals throughout operation.