How do you implement CI/CD for embedded systems development?

Embedded CI/CD challenges: Target hardware dependency, Long build times, Physical device testing. Solutions: Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) test rigs with device farms, Emulation and simulation for early testing, Virtual platforms for pre-silicon development, and Containerized build environments for reproducibility. Pipeline stages: Static analysis (MISRA, Coverity), Unit tests (host-based with hardware abstraction), Integration tests (emulator/simulator), Hardware tests (automated test fixtures), and Release automation (signing, packaging). Tools: Jenkins/GitLab CI, Docker for build environments, Robot Framework for test automation, and custom HIL frameworks. Key metrics: Code coverage, test pass rate, and build time.