What are the key enabling technologies in 5G?

5G enabling technologies include: Massive MIMO with 64-256 antennas for high spectral efficiency and beamforming. Millimeter wave (mmWave) using 24-100 GHz bands for massive bandwidth but short range. Beamforming and beam tracking to compensate for mmWave path loss. Network slicing to create virtual networks for different use cases (eMBB, URLLC, mMTC). Small cells for dense deployment and capacity. Flexible numerology with scalable subcarrier spacing (15-240 kHz) for different requirements. LDPC and Polar codes for improved error correction. Edge computing for ultra-low latency. D2D (Device-to-Device) communication for direct connections.