What analyzers are used for bioprocess monitoring and control?

Bioprocess analyzers: in-line (pH, DO, temperature, pressure - real-time, reliable), at-line (sampling systems for glucose, lactate, cell density, metabolites - automated sampling with periodic analysis), and in-situ spectroscopy (NIR, Raman for non-invasive monitoring of multiple parameters). Specific analyzers: biomass probes (capacitance, optical density), off-gas analysis (O2, CO2 for metabolism monitoring), and automated sampling systems (FOGALE, NOVA). PAT implementation: soft sensors using spectroscopy + chemometrics for real-time quality attributes. Considerations: sterility maintenance, probe compatibility with SIP/CIP, and fast response for fed-batch control. Integrate with DCS/SCADA for batch record and control.