What components make up a Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS)?

CEMS components: sample extraction system (probe, filter, sample line - extractive or in-situ), gas analyzers (SO2, NOx, CO, CO2, O2 - typically NDIR, chemiluminescence, paramagnetic), flow measurement (stack flow using pitot tubes, ultrasonic), data acquisition system (signal processing, averaging, calculations), and calibration system (cylinder gas delivery for zero/span). Additional requirements: opacity/particulate monitoring, temperature measurement, and moisture measurement. Systems must meet EPA 40 CFR Part 60/75 requirements including QA/QC procedures, RAA (Relative Accuracy Audit), and cylinder gas audits.