What is spectroscopy and what are its basic types?

Spectroscopy studies the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation to determine composition and properties. Basic types: UV-Visible (electronic transitions, 200-800 nm - colorimetry, concentration), Infrared (molecular vibrations, functional group identification), Near-Infrared (overtones, process monitoring), and Mass Spectroscopy (mass-to-charge ratio, molecular identification). Spectroscopy is non-destructive, provides rapid analysis, and can be implemented online for real-time process monitoring.