How do you calibrate a complete signal chain from sensor to control system?

Signal chain calibration: sensor calibration (compare to standard, document sensor error), transmitter calibration (input simulation with precision source, verify output linearity), cable and connection verification (continuity, isolation), I/O card calibration (input source test, verify digitized value), and complete loop check (apply physical stimulus, verify reading in control system). Document: as-found readings, adjustments made, as-left readings, and uncertainty. Calibration interval based on stability requirements and historical data. Traceability: standards traceable to national metrology institutes. Maintain calibration records per quality system requirements.