How do you design instrumentation for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)?

EMC design for instrumentation: shielding (enclosures, cable shields properly terminated), filtering (input/output filters for conducted emissions), PCB layout (ground planes, component placement, trace routing), grounding (single-point or hybrid grounding strategy), cable management (separation, shielding, ferrites), and surge protection (TVS diodes, MOVs). Testing: emissions (radiated and conducted per IEC 61326), immunity (RF, ESD, surge, fast transients). Design margin: exceed minimum requirements. Document EMC considerations in design review. Consider operating environment (industrial, residential) and applicable standards. Pre-compliance testing identifies issues early.