What are common signal converters used in instrumentation?

Common signal converters: I/P converter (current-to-pneumatic, 4-20 mA to 3-15 psi for pneumatic actuators), P/I converter (pneumatic-to-current, converts pneumatic signal to electronic), V/I converter (voltage-to-current, converts voltage sensor output to 4-20 mA), I/V converter (current-to-voltage, converts 4-20 mA to 0-5 or 0-10 V), and frequency converter (pulse/frequency to analog). These converters enable interfacing between different signal types and standards. Selection based on input/output requirements, accuracy, isolation needs, and mounting considerations.