Describe different types of manometers and their applications.

Manometers measure pressure difference using liquid column height. Types: (1) Simple U-tube: measures gauge or differential pressure, ΔP = ρgh. (2) Inclined manometer: increases sensitivity for low pressures by angling tube. (3) Differential manometer: measures pressure difference between two points in a system. (4) Inverted manometer: uses lighter fluid (air) above manometric liquid for small pressure differences. (5) Micromanometer: precision instrument for very small pressures. Selection criteria: measurement range, required accuracy, fluid compatibility. Mercury used for high pressures (high density), water or oil for low pressures.