How do you analyze thermal performance of a disc brake for automotive applications?

Energy absorption: E = 0.5.m.v^2 + m.g.h for vehicle of mass m from velocity v and height h. Average heat flux q'' = E/(A.t_stop). Temperature rise using lumped mass: delta_T = E/(m_disc.c). For repeated braking, use thermal time constant tau = rho.c.V/(h.A) to check cooling between applications. Surface temperature affects friction coefficient (fade). Verify against material limits: cast iron <650C, carbon-carbon <1000C. CFD or FEA for detailed analysis including thermal gradients causing disc coning. Ventilated discs improve h (heat transfer coefficient) by 50-100%. Critical design at Tata Motors, Bajaj for vehicle safety.