What are the major crash test protocols and what do they evaluate?

Major protocols include: NCAP programs (Euro NCAP, IIHS, NHTSA) evaluating frontal offset, full frontal, side impact, pole impact, and pedestrian protection. Tests use instrumented dummies measuring head, neck, chest, pelvis, and leg injuries. Results inform star ratings that influence consumer decisions. Tests also evaluate post-crash safety (fuel leakage, door opening) and active safety systems like automatic emergency braking. Manufacturers design to meet or exceed these protocols across global markets.