What are the different types of frontal crash tests?

Frontal crash tests include: Full frontal (100% overlap with rigid or deformable barrier at 56 km/h - NHTSA NCAP), Moderate overlap (40% overlap with deformable barrier - IIHS, Euro NCAP), Small overlap (25% overlap - IIHS, challenging structure design), and Offset deformable barrier (ODB - Euro NCAP). Each test type challenges different aspects of crashworthiness. Small overlap tests bypass main structural rails, testing alternative load paths. Results inform occupant protection system design.