How do you predict breakthrough curves for adsorption column design?

Breakthrough prediction methods: simplified analytical (Thomas model, Bohart-Adams for constant pattern), numerical solution of mass balance with rate expressions (LDF model, pore diffusion), and equilibrium column model for sharp fronts. Key parameters: adsorption isotherm, mass transfer coefficients (film, pore, surface), axial dispersion. The MTZ (Mass Transfer Zone) length determines unused bed capacity. For design: breakthrough time sets cycle duration, column length is MTZ + equilibrium zone, and multiple columns allow continuous operation.