How is PVC produced and what are its key applications?

PVC (polyvinyl chloride) production: VCM synthesis - ethylene + Cl2 = EDC (direct chlorination) or ethylene + HCl + O2 = EDC (oxychlorination); EDC cracked to VCM + HCl at 500C. VCM polymerization - suspension (most common), emulsion, or bulk process; free radical initiation at 40-60C. Suspension PVC: porosity controlled by reaction conditions, absorbs plasticizers well. Products: rigid PVC - pipes, profiles, windows (no plasticizer, 60% of market); flexible PVC - cables, flooring, films (with phthalate or non-phthalate plasticizers). Key properties: good chemical resistance, durability, flame resistance (Cl content), low cost. Environmental considerations: chlorine content, plasticizer migration, disposal/recycling challenges. Global capacity ~50 million tons/year.