What is a batch reactor and what are its characteristics?

A batch reactor is a closed vessel where reactants are charged, reaction proceeds over time, and products are removed after completion. Characteristics: no flow during reaction, composition changes with time (unsteady state), uniform composition throughout (well-mixed), suitable for small-scale production and slow reactions. Advantages: simple operation, flexible for multiple products, easy cleaning between batches. Applications: pharmaceuticals, specialty chemicals, and process development.