How do you design reactors for equilibrium-limited reactions?

For equilibrium-limited reactions, conversion is limited by thermodynamics regardless of kinetics or reactor size. Strategies: operate at favorable conditions (lower temperature favors exothermic equilibrium, higher pressure favors mole-reducing reactions), remove products to shift equilibrium (membrane reactors, reactive distillation), or use excess of one reactant. Temperature optimization: balance high equilibrium conversion (low T for exothermic) with acceptable rate (higher T). May use staged reactors with intercooling and near-equilibrium operation in each stage.