What are process intensification approaches in reactor design?

Intensification approaches: Microreactors (high surface area/volume, precise temperature control, enhanced mixing, safer for hazardous reactions), Spinning disk reactors (thin films, excellent mass transfer), Oscillatory baffled reactors (plug flow at low velocities), Reactive distillation (combine reaction and separation), Membrane reactors (selective product removal), and Flow chemistry (continuous vs batch for pharma). Benefits: smaller equipment, faster mixing/heat transfer, improved selectivity, safer operation, and reduced capital/inventory. Challenges: scale-up, reliability, and fouling.