What are the key considerations in designing deep excavation support systems?

Deep excavation design considers: (1) Earth pressure distribution - apparent pressure diagrams (Peck, Terzaghi-Peck) or FE analysis for realistic distribution, (2) Wall design - bending moments, deflections, embedment depth, (3) Support design - struts, anchors, walers with staged construction loads, (4) Base stability - heave in clay (factor of safety), hydraulic uplift/piping in sand, (5) Ground movements - empirical charts or numerical analysis for adjacent building impact, (6) Monitoring - inclinometers, settlement points, strut loads. Observational method allows design modifications based on monitored behavior.