How is structural optimization applied in modern structural design?

Structural optimization minimizes weight, cost, or deflection while satisfying strength and serviceability constraints. Sizing optimization varies member sizes, shape optimization modifies geometry, and topology optimization determines optimal material distribution. Methods include gradient-based algorithms, genetic algorithms, and machine learning approaches. Constraints include stress limits, displacement limits, frequency requirements, and buckling. Applications include optimal truss design, floor framing layouts, and high-rise structural systems. Commercial software integrates optimization with FEA.