What are the common spatial analysis operations in GIS?

Spatial analysis operations include: overlay (intersect, union, clip to combine layers), buffer (create zones around features at specified distance), proximity (find nearest features, calculate distances), network analysis (shortest path, service area), terrain analysis (slope, aspect, watershed from DEM), interpolation (create surface from point data using IDW, kriging), spatial statistics (hotspot analysis, clustering). Query operations select features by location or attribute. Model builder chains operations for complex analysis. Results support decision-making in planning and engineering.