How would you design geospatial infrastructure for a smart city project?

Smart city geospatial infrastructure: establish unified coordinate reference system and vertical datum across city. Base mapping: high-resolution imagery, LiDAR for 3D city model, and utility surveys. Spatial data infrastructure (SDI) with metadata standards, data sharing policies, and web services (WMS, WFS). Real-time data integration: IoT sensors for traffic, environment, utilities feeding into GIS platform. 3D digital twin integrating BIM for major buildings. Address database with geocoding services. Mobile applications for citizen services and field data collection. Analytics platform for transportation modeling, emergency response, and urban planning. Cloud architecture for scalability. Data governance framework ensuring quality, security, and interoperability. Capacity building across departments.