How do vehicle-actuated signal controllers operate?

Actuated controllers adjust timing based on real-time detection: (1) Detectors (loops, video, radar) sense vehicle presence and passage, (2) Controllers allocate green based on demand - extend green until gap-out (no vehicles in gap threshold) or max-out, (3) Phase sequence responds to calls - skip unused phases, recall minimum green, (4) Coordination achieved through force-offs and permissive periods. Parameters: minimum green, passage time (extension), maximum green, gap threshold. Advanced control includes adaptive systems (SCOOT, SCATS) adjusting cycle and splits continuously based on network conditions.