What circuit techniques ensure precision in measurement systems?

Precision measurement techniques include: chopper stabilization (eliminate offset and 1/f noise by modulating then demodulating), auto-zero (periodically measure and subtract offset), ratiometric measurement (ratio output to reference eliminates reference errors), synchronous detection (lock-in amplifiers extract signal at known frequency), oversampling and averaging (reduce noise by sqrt(N)), correlated double sampling (subtract sequential readings to cancel offset), guarding (driven shields eliminate leakage), Kelvin sensing (separate force and sense connections eliminate lead resistance), and low thermal EMF connections (minimize thermocouple effects). Component selection requires attention to TCR, dielectric absorption, and noise.