How are fault-tolerant power converter topologies designed?

Fault-tolerant converters maintain operation despite component failures. Strategies include: redundant legs (n+1 redundancy, failed leg bypassed), modular design (isolated modules, failed module bypassed), open-circuit fault handling (reconfiguration to three-leg, four-leg, or split-capacitor operation), short-circuit fault handling (fast fuses, controlled failure modes), and graceful degradation (reduced capability rather than shutdown). MMC inherently provides fault tolerance through submodule redundancy. Diagnosis algorithms detect and locate faults quickly. Applications include aerospace, medical, and critical industrial processes where continuity is essential.