How do you design a transimpedance amplifier for photodiode applications?

A transimpedance amplifier (TIA) converts photodiode current to voltage using an op-amp with feedback resistor Rf. Output Vout = Iph * Rf. Key design considerations: Bandwidth is limited by op-amp GBW and photodiode capacitance Cd (f-3dB = sqrt(GBW/(2*pi*Rf*Cd))), Stability requires feedback capacitor Cf = sqrt(Cd/(2*pi*Rf*GBW)), Noise is dominated by Rf thermal noise and op-amp current noise. Trade-offs exist between gain (Rf), bandwidth, and noise. FET-input op-amps preferred for low current noise.