How do you analyze and minimize VCO phase noise?

VCO phase noise is characterized by Leeson's equation: L(fm) = (F*kT/(2*Ps)) * (1 + (fo/(2*Q*fm))^2) * (1 + fc/fm), where fm is offset frequency, fo is carrier frequency, Q is tank quality factor, Ps is signal power, F is device noise factor, and fc is flicker noise corner. Minimization strategies: Maximize Q (use high-Q inductors, minimize varactor losses), Increase signal amplitude (limited by supply and reliability), Reduce flicker noise (larger transistors, optimized bias), Use filtering of bias noise, and Choose optimal coupling factor in oscillator. Differential LC-VCOs reduce common-mode noise. Tail current noise filtering with inductor or capacitor helps at low offsets.